Female Representative in Audit Committee and Audit Fees: Evidence from Indonesia

Authors

  • Anlika Putra Wahyoedi Universitas Prasetiya Mulya
  • Stefanny Andrestio Universitas Prasetiya Mulya
  • Retno Yuliati Universitas Prasetiya Mulya
  • Rifeald Sinaga Universitas Prasetiya Mulya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30741/wiga.v14i1.1120

Keywords:

Audit committee, Audit Fee, Female

Abstract

This research is motivated by the conflicting results of literature discusses on gender in the audit committee on audit fees in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the presence of females on the audit committee on audit fees using the context of Indonesian companies. In addition, this study also discusses the positive relationship on the presence of females in audit committee that strengthens firm inherent situational factors (firm complexity and risk) on audit fees using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model. The sample consists of public companies in Indonesia and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the period 2019, 2020 or 2021. The results showed that there was no significant effect of the presence of females on the audit committee on audit fees in Indonesia that can be caused by female characteristics that have converged with male’s characteristics. Thus, females on the audit committee will have the same effect as men in the audit committee. This study contributes to the literature by providing new evidence regarding the relationship of female presence on audit committees to audit fees.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbott, L. J., Parker, S., Peters, G. F., & Raghunandan, K. (2003). An empirical investigation of audit fees, nonaudit fees, and audit committees. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20(2), pp. 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1506/8YP9-P27G-5NW5-DJKK

Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2009). Women in the boardroom and their impact on governance and performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 94(2), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.10.007

Ain, Q. U., Yuan, X., Javaid, H. M., Usman, M., & Haris, M. (2020). Female directors and agency costs: Evidence from Chinese listed firms. International Journal of Emerging Markets. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-10-2019-0818

Al Farooque, O., Buachoom, W., & Sun, L. (2020). Board, audit committee, ownership and financial performance – emerging trends from Thailand. Pacific Accounting Review, 32(1), 54–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-10-2018-0079

Aldamen, H., Hollindale, J., & Ziegelmayer, J. L. (2018). Female audit committee members and their influence on audit fees. Accounting and Finance, 58(1), 57–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12248

Al-Hadrami, A., Rafiki, A., & Sarea, A. (2020). The impact of an audit committee’s independence and competence on investment decision: A study in Bahrain. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 5(2), 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJAR-02-2020-0008

Ali, M. J., Singh, R. K. S., & Al-Akra, M. (2018). The impact of audit committee effectiveness on audit fees and non-audit service fees: Evidence from Australia. Accounting Research Journal, 31(2), 174–191. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARJ-11-2015-0144

Alkebsee, R. H., Tian, G. L., Usman, M., Siddique, M. A., & Alhebry, A. A. (2021). Gender diversity in audit committees and audit fees: Evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36(1), 72–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-06-2019-2326

Al-Shaer, H., & Zaman, M. (2016). Board gender diversity and sustainability reporting quality. Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, 12(3), 210–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2016.09.001

Amin, A., Ur Rehman, R., Ali, R., & Ntim, C. G. (2022). Does gender diversity on the board reduce agency cost? Evidence from Pakistan. Gender in Management, 37(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-10-2020-0303

Arun, T. G., Almahrog, Y. E., & Ali Aribi, Z. (2015). Female directors and earnings management: Evidence from UK companies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 39, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.03.002

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182

Bertrand, M. (2011). New perspectives on gender. Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 4, Issue PART B). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(11)02415-4

Carcello, J. V, Hermanson, D. R., Neal, T. L., Riley, R. A., Dugan, M., Ingram, R., Palmrose, Z.-V., Peffer, S., Ramsay, B., Rittenberg, L., & Taylor, G. (2002). Board characteristics and audit fees. Contemporary Accounting Research, 19(3).

Chen, Y., Eshleman, J. D., & Soileau, J. S. (2016). Board gender diversity and internal control weaknesses. Advances in Accounting, 33, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2016.04.005

Dahlerup, D. (2006). The Story of the Theory of Critical Mass. Politics & Gender, 2(4), 511-522. https://doi:10.1017/S1743923X0624114X

Daily, C. M., & Schwenk, C. (1996). Chief executive officers, top management teams, and boards of directors: congruent or countervailing forces? Journal of Management, 22(2).

Diekman, A. B., & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(10), 1171–1188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200262001

Dobija, D., Hryckiewicz, A., Zaman, M., & Puławska, K. (2022). Critical mass and voice: Board gender diversity and financial reporting quality. European Management Journal, 40(1), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.02.005

Duellman, S., Hurwitz, H., Sun, Y., Ahmed, A., Chakrabarty, B., Sami, H., Seetharaman, A., Shrestha, K., & Wang, W. (2015). Managerial overconfidence and audit fees. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 11(2), 148–165. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2557494http://ssrn.com/abstract=2557494

Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 33–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33

Endrikat, J., de Villiers, C., Guenther, T. W., & Guenther, E. M. (2021). Board characteristics and corporate social responsibility: A meta-analytic investigation. Business and Society, 60(8), 2099–2135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650320930638

Ganda Saputra, I., & Yusuf, A. (2019). The role of internal audit in corporate governance and contribution to determine audit fees for external audits. Journal of Finance and Accounting, 7(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfa-7-1-1

Ghosh, A. (Al), & Tang, C. Y. (2015). Auditor resignation and risk factors. Accounting Horizons, 29(3), 529–549.

Goodwin-Stewart, J., & Kent, P. (2006). Relation between external audit fees, audit committee characteristics and internal audit. Accounting and Finance, 46(3), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2006.00174.x

Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Gull, A. A., Atif, M., Issa, A., Usman, M., & Siddique, M. A. (2021). Female CEO succession and audit fees: evidence from China. Managerial Auditing Journal, 36(3), 485–509. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-09-2020-2824

Hay, D. C., Knechel, W. R., & Wong, N. (2006). Audit fees: A meta-analysis of the effect of Supply and demand attributes. Contemporary Accounting Research, 23(1), 141–191. https://doi.org/10.1506/4xr4-kt5v-e8cn-91gx

Huang, H.-W., & Thiruvadi, S. (2010). Audit committee characteristics and corporate fraud. International Journal of Public Information Systems, 6(1), 71–82.

International Corporation Finance. (2019). Board Gender Diversity in ASEAN. In Board Gender Diversity in ASEAN.

Ittonen, K., Miettinen, J., Vähämaa, S., & Vahamaa, S. (2010). Does female representation on audit committees affect audit fees? Audit committees affect audit fees?. Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 49(3).

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3.

Joecks, J., Pull, K., & Vetter, K. (2012). Gender diversity in the boardroom and firm performance: What exactly constitutes a “Critical Mass?”. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1553-6

Kao, M. F., Hodgkinson, L., & Jaafar, A. (2019). Ownership structure, board of directors and firm performance: evidence from Taiwan. Corporate Governance (Bingley), 19(1), 189–216. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-04-2018-0144

Krishnan, G., & Visvanathan, G. (2009). Do auditors price audit committee’s expertise? The case of accounting versus nonaccounting financial experts. Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 24(1), 115–144

Lipton, M., & Lorsch, J. W. (1992). A modest proposal for improved corporate governance. The Business Lawyer, 48(1).

Mnif, Y., & Cherif, I. (2020). Female board directorship and earnings management. Pacific Accounting Review, 33(1), 114–141. https://doi.org/10.1108/PAR-04-2020-0049

Munro, L., & Stewart, J. (2011). External auditors’ reliance on internal auditing: Further evidence. Managerial Auditing Journal, 26(6), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1108/02686901111142530

Nekhili, M., Gull, A. A., Chtioui, T., & Radhouane, I. (2020). Gender-diverse boards and audit fees: What difference does gender quota legislation make?. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 47(1–2), 52–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbfa.12409

Oradi, J., & Izadi, J. (2020). Audit committee gender diversity and financial reporting: Evidence from restatements. Managerial Auditing Journal, 35(1), 67–92. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-10-2018-2048

Pucheta-Martínez, M. C., Bel-Oms, I., & Olcina-Sempere, G. (2016). Corporate governance, female directors and quality of financial information. Business Ethics, 25(4), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12123

Rani, A. (2018). Audit committee effectiveness: Relationship between audit committee characteristics and audit fees and non-audit service fees. Journal of Commerce and Accounting Research, 7(3), 35–44.

Schubert, R. (2006). Analyzing and managing risks – on the importance of gender differences in risk attitudes. Managerial Finance, 32(9), 706–715. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350610681925

Schwartz-Ziv, M. (2017). Gender and board activeness: The role of a critical mass. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 52(2), 751-780. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109017000059

Simon, D. T., & Francis, J. R. (1988). The effects of auditor change on audit fees: Tests of price cutting and price recovery. The Accounting Review, 63(2).

Simunic, D. A. (1980). The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1).

Stanton, M. R. K. F. S. M. P. (2017). Contemporary issues in accounting 2nd edition. Wiley Global Education Australia

Stewart, J., & Munro, L. (2007). The impact of audit committee existence and audit committee meeting frequency on the external audit: Perceptions of Australian auditors. International Journal of Auditing, 11(1), 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-1123.2007.00356

Susanti, J. S., & Budi Harsono, S. E. (2023). Analisis komite audit wanita dan pengaruhnya terhadap biaya audit. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, dan Akuntansi, 9(1), 38-48

Tee, C. M., & Kasipillai, J. (2022). Female directors’ monitoring and earnings quality: The moderating effect of political connections and family ownership. International Journal of Manpower, 43(5), 1085–1107. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-02-2021-0101

Thiruvadi, S. (2012). Gender differences and audit committee diligence: Gender in Management. An International Journal, 27(6), 366–379. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211269310

Triki Damak, S. (2018). Gender diverse board and earnings management: evidence from French listed companies. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 9(3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1108/sampj-08-2017-0088

Turley, S., & Zaman, M. (2004). The corporate governance effects of audit committees. Journal of Management & Governance, 8(3), 305–332

Usman, M., Farooq, M. U., Zhang, J., Makki, M. A. M., & Khan, M. K. (2019). Female directors and the cost of debt: does gender diversity in the boardroom matter to lenders?. Managerial Auditing Journal, 34(4), 374–392. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-04-2018-1863

Vafeas, N., & Waegelein, J. F. (2007). The association between audit committees, compensation incentives, and corporate audit fees. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 28(3), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-006-0012-9

Velte, P. (2018). Does gender diversity in the audit committee influence key audit matters’ readability in the audit report? UK evidence. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(5), 748–755. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1491

Vitolla, F., Raimo, N., & Rubino, M. (2020). Board characteristics and integrated reporting quality: An agency theory perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 1152–1163. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1879

Wang, Y., Yu, M., & Gao, S. (2022). Gender diversity and financial statement fraud. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2021.106903

Widmann, M., Follert, F., & Wolz, M. (2021). What is it going to cost? Empirical evidence from a systematic literature review of audit fee determinants. Management Review Quarterly, 71(2), 455–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00190-w

Wood, W., Polek, D., & Aiken, C. (1983). Sex Differences in Group Task Performance. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48,(1).

Wooldridge, J. M. (2020). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Boston: Cengage

Zalata, A. M., Tauringana, V., & Tingbani, I. (2018). Audit committee financial expertise, gender, and earnings management: Does gender of the financial expert matter?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 55, 170–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.11.002

Downloads

Published

2024-03-26

How to Cite

Wahyoedi, A. P., Andrestio, S., Yuliati, R., & Sinaga, R. (2024). Female Representative in Audit Committee and Audit Fees: Evidence from Indonesia. Wiga : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi, 14(1), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.30741/wiga.v14i1.1120

Issue

Section

Articles